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The NYT reports that one of the key staff involved in the Fukushima disaster and cleanup has died of cancer - no doubt one of many over time - Masao Yoshida, Nuclear Engineer and Chief at Fukushima Plant, Dies at 58.

Masao Yoshida, a nuclear engineer who took charge of the Fukushima Daiichi power plant two years ago as multiple reactors spiraled out of control after a tsunami, but who ultimately failed to prevent the world’s worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, died here on Tuesday. He was 58. The cause was cancer, said the Fukushima plant’s operator, Tokyo Electric Power.

Mr. Yoshida had been chief manager at Fukushima Daiichi for just nine months when a 42-foot tsunami inundated the site on March 11, 2011, knocking out vital cooling systems to the plant’s six reactors. Eventually hydrogen explosions and fuel meltdowns occurred at three reactors, releasing vast amounts of radioactive matter into the environment.

Although the company was widely criticized for its handling of the disaster, which forced more than 100,000 people from their homes, Mr. Yoshida won praise for his effort to minimize the damage. He has been faulted, however, for failing to invest in adequate tsunami walls at the company’s nuclear power plants when he was head of nuclear facilities. Mr. Yoshida later apologized to reporters, saying he had been “too lax” in his assumptions of how big a tsunami might hit the coastal plant.

The New York Times has an article on improving the economics of electric car battereis - A Second Life for the Electric Car Battery.

As I wrote in a recent Times article on electric car batteries, scientists are expecting big breakthroughs in battery technology over the next five years that will increase the range of electric cars while reducing their cost. But even with these advances, researchers acknowledge that any rechargeable battery will gradually lose its capacity to store energy after repeated cycles of charging and discharging.

Once storage capacity falls below a certain level, the battery can no longer provide the range that electric car owners will expect, according to Micky Bly, the executive director of global battery, electric vehicle and hybrid engineering at General Motors. For its new Chevy Volt, GM expects that level to be around 60 to 65 percent of the battery’s original capacity, he said in a telephone interview.

At the same time, with most of a battery’s useful life still intact, automakers anticipate that it could serve other, less demanding purposes than powering a few thousand pounds of car.

A number of projects and new ventures are already under way to explore second-life applications for lithium-ion batteries. G.M. has announced a cooperative agreement with ABB, an energy technology company. And Nissan has formed a joint venture called 4R Energy with the Sumitomo Corporation.

This month, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, financed by the Department of Energy, announced their own initiative in this area, a collaboration with academic and industry partners.

From a technical perspective, a special area of focus for the laboratory’s research will be repurposing these batteries for Community Energy Storage systems on the electric utility grid, according to Jeremy Neubauer, a senior engineer in the lab’s energy storage group. If all goes as planned, in the smart grid of the future electric utilities would distribute thousands of these Community Energy Storage packs throughout the grid to help them manage power flow, especially during peak times or outages.

One pack would store 25 to 50 kilowatt hours of electricity, which could provide power for a few hours to four or five homes. Packs of this size would require stringing together two or three electric car batteries, and the compact size of these batteries lends itself to this purpose, Mr. Neubauer said. He also expects that using second-life batteries would be cheaper for the utilities than buying new ones.

But beyond the technical feasibility, what’s new about the lab’s research will be the focus on testing new financial and ownership models for the car batteries. Ahmad Pesaran, principal engineer on the lab’s study, said, “We want to prove the battery has value beyond its use in the car, and by creating business models, to realize this added value, ultimately lowering the cost of owning the car for the consumer.”

Forbes has an amusing article on opposition to fracking from Exxon CEO Rex Tillerson - Exxon CEO Profits Huge As Americas Largest Natural Gas Producer-But Frack In His Own Backyard And He Sues!.

Sometimes, the hypocrisy expressed in real life is so sublimely rich that one could never hope to construct a similar scenario out of pure imagination.

Meet Rex Tillerson, the CEO of oil and gas superstar ExxonMobil Corporation—the largest natural gas producer in these United States of America—and a newly emerging giant in the world of exquisite hypocrisy.

A key and critical function of Mr. Tillerson’s day job is to do all he can to protect and nurture the process of hydraulic fracturing—aka ‘fracking’—so that his company can continue to rack in billions via the production and sale of natural gas. Indeed, so committed is Rex to the process of fracking that he has loudly lashed out at those who criticize and seek to regulate hydraulic fracturing, suggesting that such efforts are a very bad idea, indeed.

According to Tillerson, “This type of dysfunctional regulation is holding back the American economic recovery, growth, and global competitiveness.”

Thus, according to Rex Tillerson, nobody should have much of a reason to be disturbed or concerned when ExxonMobil comes knocking on your door to deliver the news that fracking is about to become a part of your daily life…unless, or course, you happen to live in Mr. Tillerson’s neighborhood.

In that case, the rules are, apparently, very, very different.

You see, while Tillerson believes that the inevitable noise pollution that accompanies the fracking process—not to mention the potential for water contamination and other dangerous side-effects even when it is done safely (and some would strenuously argue that it is not possible to frack safely)— is of no real significance when it affects someone else’s neighborhood, he surely thinks it to be a pretty big deal when someone dares to get involved in fracking in Rex Tillerson’s neighborhood.

So much is this the case that Tillerson—ExxonMobil CEO and proud proponent of fracking as a key to both America’s and his company’s great energy future—has joined a lawsuit seeking to shut down a fracking project near Mr. and Mrs. Tillerson’s Texas ranch.

Ive just posted a rather extensive article on everything youve always wanted to know about finding interesting science blogs. Its here.

No stone (well, hardly any) is left unturned.

Comments, questions, and additional suggestions are welcome.

At first this may seem an odd coincidence, but maybe it isnt. P53 is the protein which plays a critical role in preventing runaway division in cells with damaged DNA, and hence inhibiting cancer. Unless p53 itself becomes faulty – which happens in the majority of cancerous cells. It does its job by stopping the cell division cycle if damaged DNA is detected.

But apparently p53 is also implicated in tanning of human skin by the sun.

Guardian Of The Genome Protein Found To Underlie Skin Tanning

A protein known as the "master watchman of the genome" for its ability to guard against cancer-causing DNA damage has been found to provide an entirely different level of cancer protection: By prompting the skin to tan in response to ultraviolet light from the sun, it deters the development of melanoma skin cancer, the fastest-increasing form of cancer in the world.

In a study in the March 9 issue of the journal Cell, researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute report that the protein, p53, is not only linked to skin tanning, but also may play a role in peoples seemingly universal desire to be in the sun -- an activity that, by promoting tanning, can reduce ones risk of melanoma.

"The number one risk factor for melanoma is an inability to tan; people who tan easily or have dark pigmentation are far less likely to develop the disease," says the studys senior author, David E. Fisher, MD, PhD, director of the Melanoma Program at Dana-Farber and a professor in pediatrics at Childrens Hospital Boston. "This study suggests that p53, one of the best-known tumor-suppressor proteins in our body, has a powerful role in protecting us against sun damage in the skin."

Of course, people who tan easily or have dark pigmentation may also be less inclined to spend time in the sun for the purpose of acquiring a tan, so any other factors in an individual that might be responsible for tannning or dark pigmentation would also indirectly reduce the statistical liklihood of melanoma.

However, the research shows that p53 does influence tanning directly.

Other reports:

• Gene behind tanning comes out of hiding
  
• A Protein Twofer That Triggers Tanning and Protects against Skin Cancer
  
• Anti-Cancer Gene Triggers Tanning
  

Update 8/3/08: There is related news about this here.

Tags: p53, sun tanning, melanoma, skin cancer, cell cycle

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Biofuels Digest has an article on a new biochar / pyrolysis project being proposed for Louisiana - Cool Planet to invest $168M in Louisiana – stealthy biotechnology heads for scale. The updated program looks to be using wood waste rather than miscanthus.

In Louisiana, Cool Planet Energy Systems CEO Howard Janzen, flanked by Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal, announced the company will build three bio-refineries in Louisiana with a capital investment of $168 million. The project will consist of modular biomass-to-gasoline refineries in Alexandria, Natchitoches and a site to be determined. ...

Its not hard to see why everyone has been excited — sometimes laced with skepticism — about Cool Planet. With claimed operating costs of $1.00 to $1.15 per gallon, and adding another 13 cents or so for the capital costs (amortized over 15 years) – well, you get the picture. It’s drop-in, renewable gasoline, in prospect, for about half the price of the incumbent fossil fuels.

Now those claims were built around – to some extent, an emerging feedstock, miscanthus. That was the secret sauce in reports of 4,000 gallons per acre yields for production of renewable gasoline, Ahem, there’s been a change.

Now, Cool Planet will harvest wood waste and forest byproducts to make gasoline at its initial commercial-scale facilities in Louisiana. Each bio-refinery will be capable of producing 10 million gallons of high-octane, low-vapor pressure gasoline for strategic distribution through existing market channels and for blending at Louisiana refineries.

The Economist has an article on the possible link between enhanced oil recovery techniques and earthquakes - Pumped Up: Man-made earthquakes.

IN MAY 2011 something routine happened at the Cavone oilfield in northern Italy. Padana Energia, its operator, started pumping more high-pressure water into their wells, to squeeze more oil out. This unremarkable event may, though, have had remarkable consequences. A year later, on May 20th and 29th 2012, two nearby earthquakes killed 27 people and injured hundreds more. A report made public on April 15th by the International Commission on Hydrocarbon Exploration and Seismicity in the Emilia Region (ICHESE), a six-strong panel of geoscientists, says the pumping and the earthquakes may be connected.

Most earthquakes are caused by movements in geological faults, places where two bodies of rock are being pushed in different directions but nevertheless remain (mostly) locked together by friction. When the pushing becomes forceful enough to overcome the friction, however, the fault slips, the pent-up energy is released and the earth quakes.

Seismologists have known for decades that pumping water into the ground near a fault can sometimes make it slip. (Such quakes are different from the small tremors generated by the hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking”, used to extract shale gas from impermeable rocks. These are caused by stress created by the slurry used to break the rock open and release the gas, not by the slippage of faults.) But until these two quakes, only one person was believed to have been killed in a tremor triggered by the extraction of hydrocarbons—in Uzbekistan in 1984.

This post from Bruce Schneier made me laugh - apparently US President Obama has a tinfoil tent - Security Tents.

The US government sets up secure tents for the president and other officials to deal with classified material while traveling abroad.

Even when Obama travels to allied nations, aides quickly set up the security tent -- which has opaque sides and noise-making devices inside -- in a room near his hotel suite. When the president needs to read a classified document or have a sensitive conversation, he ducks into the tent to shield himself from secret video cameras and listening devices.

[...]

Following a several-hundred-page classified manual, the rooms are lined with foil and soundproofed. An interior location, preferably with no windows, is recommended.

Bloomberg has a report on the ambitions of one time Australian tidal power company Atlantis - Morgan Stanley-Backed Atlantis Targets India, China for Tidal Power Plants.

Atlantis Resources Corp., an ocean- current turbine maker backed by Morgan Stanley, plans to expand in China, India and South Korea after winning a bid in the U.K. to build the world’s largest tidal-power project.

Atlantis Resources may start building a 50 megawatt tidal farm by 2012 in Gujarat, a western Indian state, and conduct commercial-scale trials in South Korea, Timothy Cornelius, the chief executive officer, said an interview today.

“China’s the next big market for tidal energy,” Cornelius, 34, said in Singapore at the Clean Energy conference. “It has the most natural tidal resources in the world and can be home to more than 1,000 megawatts of tidal energy.”

Global production of electricity harnessing the ocean waves may climb ten-fold to as much as 300 megawatts in the next couple of years, said Cornelius, a former submersible engineer who splits his time between Singapore and London. The potential to produce marine power economically is about 24,000 megawatts, he said. It costs 2.5 million pounds ($4.01 million) per megawatt for a minimum 200 megawatt-tidal project, he said.

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The Climate Spectator has a report on Softbank’s interest in the Japanese energy sector in the wake of the Fukushima meltdowns - Utilities beware: here come the telcos.

There may never have been a more rapid and dramatic conversion to the green economy than that of Japanese billionaire businessman Masayoshi Son. The CEO and president of the telecoms giant Softbank, and rated by Forbes as the richest man in Japan, has become an evangelist for renewable energy since the tsunami and nuclear crisis at the Fukushima plant in March.

The 53-year-old Son wants Japan to dump its nuclear plans and instead triple the amount of renewable energy to 30 per cent of its electricity supply by 2020, and he will invest some of his own money rolling out a series of 10 large-scale solar PV plants, totaling around 200MW and costing some $1 billion, which will be constructed in some of the land rendered useless by the twin disasters.

But his most influential move may be his decision to take on the country’s national and regional energy monopolies, demanding the networks be freed up to new participants. His first target is the owner of Fukushima, Tokyo Electric Power. In short, he wants to do to the power industry what he did to the telecommunications industry a decade ago, when he successfully dismantled the monopoly held by the venerable NTT. His progress will be closely watched elsewhere in the world.

The privileged position enjoyed by power utilities in many of the world’s energy markets has been fiercely protected by political indulgence (much of it is state-owned) and regulation for nearly a century.

This privileged position was expected to come under gradual assault over the coming decade with the rapid development of new and smart technologies, and the growing need to control soaring energy demand and reduce emissions development. But while the changes were expected to be gradual, the ambition and influence of Son may be a game-changer, and will be closely observed by other commercial giants that also have ambitions in this area – such as Google, Amazon and Johnston Controls, who are fighting their own war against protectionist energy regulation in the US so that they too can enter the energy market.

Son says the initial solar power project could lead to bigger opportunities for Softbank, and he expects that experience from his telecommunication business can be combined with that of power-distribution systems, and help cash in on the demand for more efficient power grids using information technology. This is the same opportunity being eyed by Google and a host of other software and IT developers.

“The question is how this nation is going to survive after cutting nuclear power," Son said at a government panel meeting this week. “A framework should be designed in a way to make the power business open for anyone who has the will to start it."

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Inflammation is a part of the bodys immune response that has been implicated in a number of disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer. Previous posts on the subject can be found here, here, here, and here.

Much of the research discussed in those posts reports on some correlation found between markers of inflammation and occurrence of disease. What we really want, however, is to understand the underlying mechanisms that might explain the correlation. Here well take a look at one of the hypothesized mechanisms.

This article: The Interleukin-6 inflammation pathway from cholesterol to aging – Role of statins, bisphosphonates and plant polyphenols in aging and age-related diseases is a fascinating but technical and difficult review article that makes the daring claim that

Inhibition of the signal transduction pathway for Interleukin 6 mediated inflammation is key to the prevention and treatment of aging and age-related disorders including atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, dementia, Alzheimers disease and some forms of arthritis and cancer.

Be forewarned, if you undertake to read the article, that it presumes at least a passing knowledge of biochemistry, the mammalian immune system, and the physiology behind diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, it could be better written, with clearer development of its central arguments. Finally, its contention as quoted above is a sweeping, far-reaching hypotheses that will require much additional research to establish securely.

It is also possible that there is some element of hype in the claims made. One should always adopt a skeptical attitude towards a declaration that anything like a potential "fountain of youth" has been discovered.

This hypothesis may well be too broad. Nevertheless, the paper provides an excellent means of focusing discussion on a number of important topics that seem to be linked inevitably to strategies for preventing or delaying the onset of the aging and age-related diseases listed above. Who could fail to find that prospect interesting?

So well begin with some setting of the stage. Inflammation is a major feature of the mammalian immune system, which employs the vascular system (among other things) to mount a response to infections, damaged cells, and other harmful stimuli. For example, signaling proteins, known as cytokines, are dumped into the blood stream to attract the attention of other components of the immune system, such as white blood cells (leukocytes), which then migrate through the blood stream to the site of the problem.

Several cytokines play an important role in the inflammatory process. The list includes Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Of these, the last, IL-6, is singled out for special attention, because it appears to be especially important in the inflammatory process itself. Control of the process is important, because research implicates an excessive or overactive inflammatory response as a significant factor in the diseases of aging listed above.

Control of IL-6, in turn, may depend on control of the protein NF-κB (Nuclear Factor κB), which is a transcription factor that is thought to be necessary for the expression of the gene for IL-6. NF-κB is an essential part of the signaling pathway through which IL-6 is produced. Without activated NF-κB there may be no IL-6. However, NF-κB is also implicated in a number of other physiological processes as seemingly independent from the inflammatory response as synaptic plasticity and memory. This poses a challenge to any attempt to regulate the inflammatory response by regulating NF-κB.

As we shall see in subsequent postings, theres a lot of very interesting research going on related to the role of inflammation in disease in general, and with the involvement of NF-κB in particular.

Well describe here just a couple of the recent examples.

Key To Out-of-control Immune Response In Lung Injury Found

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, or ARDS, is an often fatal complication of severe traumatic injury, bacterial infections, blood transfusions and overdoses of some medications. In ARDS, the lungs become swollen with fluid and breathing becomes impossible. ...

Sepsis, an overwhelming bacterial infection of the blood and organs, is the most common cause of ARDS. When the immune system responds to the infection, molecules called inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released. These molecules attract inflammatory white blood cells and destroy bacteria, but also lead to fever, swelling and other symptoms of shock and can wreak havoc on the patient in the course of fighting off the infection.

The researchers worked with a strain of mice that lacked a gene called Cblb. This gene codes for a protein that disables a cell surface receptor. Unless this receptor is disabled it will keep NF-κB activated, and therefore leads to the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. The result is a "cytokine storm" that leads to ARDS-like symptoms and greater likelihood of fatal results for the Cblb-deficient mice:

When sepsis was induced in mice with and without the Cblb gene, there was a marked difference in the level of the inflammatory response and survival. Mice lacking the Cblb gene were much less likely to survive than control mice.

It shouldnt be concluded, however, that NF-κB (or IL-6 for that matter) is intrinsically harmful. If that were the case, it would not be so widely conserved in evolution, as it is. NF-κB is found even in the simplest of animals, such as corals, sea anemones, and sponges.

As noted, NF-κB is a transcription factor for a number of genes besides IL-6. Some of these genes code for proteins that promote cell survival and proliferation. This, too, can be a double-edged sword, as with inflammatory cytokines. In particular, it appears that NF-κB plays a non-trivial role in various types of cancer. Well write about that in another article. However, the following research seems to demonstrate a case where the cell survival role of NF-κB predominates:

Researchers Identify Molecular Basis Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

[Researchers] generated a mouse model that does not express NEMO, a protein needed to activate NF-κB, in intestinal epithelial cells. As a result, these mice developed severe chronic intestinal inflammation very similar to Colitis in humans.

"A close look at the mice revealed that their gut epithelium was damaged," says Manolis Pasparakis, who recently moved from heading a lab at EMBL to becoming a professor at the University of Cologne. "NF-κB acts as a survival signal for cells. Without the molecule cells are much more likely to die and this is what happened in the intestines of our mice; individual epithelial cells died disrupting the gut lining."

Through these gaps bacteria could penetrate the intestinal wall. Right behind the gut epithelium lie cells of the intestinal immune system, the biggest immune system of our body. It detects the invading bacteria and generates a strong immune response to fight off the invaders. In the process of combating the bacteria, the immune cells secrete a cocktail of signals that bring about the symptoms of inflammation.

"This is where the vicious cycle closes," explains Markus Neurath, professor at the University of Mainz. "Inflammatory signals also reach the epithelial cells that due to the lack of NF-κB are very sensitive to them and die. The death of more epithelial cells creates bigger gaps in the gut lining so that more bacteria enter. The result is a constant immune response leading to chronic inflammation as we know it from inflammatory bowel diseases in humans."

Tags: inflammation, immune system, IL-6, interleukin-6, NF-kB, aging

NASAs Spitzer Peels Back Layers of Stars Explosion

Astronomers using NASAs infrared Spitzer Space Telescope have discovered that an exploded star, named Cassiopeia A, blew up in a somewhat orderly fashion, retaining much of its original onion-like layering.

Cassiopeia A – click for 800×800 image

Cassiopeia A, or Cas A for short, is what is known as a supernova remnant. The original star, about 15 to 20 times more massive than our sun, died in a cataclysmic "supernova" explosion relatively recently in our own Milky Way galaxy. Like all mature massive stars, the Cas A star was once neat and tidy, consisting of concentric shells made up of various elements. The stars outer skin consisted of lighter elements, such as hydrogen; its middle layers were lined with heavier elements like neon; and its core was stacked with the heaviest elements, such as iron.

Earlier (2004) press release on Cassiopeia A, with images: Deepest Image of Exploded Star Uncovers Bipolar Jets



Tags: astrophysics, supernova, black hole, Cassiopeia A